High rigidity rubber composition

ABSTRACT

Rubber compositions and rubber articles manufactured from such rubber compositions that include the well-known antioxidant poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) having the formula (C 12 H 15 N) where n=2˜4 as well as a methylene acceptor/donor system reinforcing resin. Such embodiments include a tire component comprising a rubber composition that is based upon a cross-linkable elastomer composition, the cross-linkable rubber composition comprising, per 100 parts by weight of rubber (phr), a highly unsaturated diene elastomer, reinforcing filler, between 0.5 phr and 10 phr of TMQ and the methylene acceptor/methylene donor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to rubber compositions and more particularly to rubber compositions having components that increase the rigidity of the rubber composition.

Description of the Related Art

The manufacturing of certain rubber articles, including rubber components that may be found in tires, require a rubber composition that has a high rigidity. Tires and other articles that are made of rubber are manufactured from rubber compositions that include rubber, e.g., natural rubber, synthetic rubber or combinations thereof, as well as fillers, plasticizers, vulcanizing agents and other chemicals that improve the physical characteristics of the cured rubber composition.

Those skilled in the art understand that there are different ways of increasing a rubber composition's rigidity such as the addition of a reinforcing filler or a reinforcing resin. Reinforcing fillers are well known, examples of which include carbon black and silica. Reinforcing resins are also well known and typically include a methylene donor and a methylene acceptor.

In general, resins are typically (but not always) nonvolatile, solid organic substances that are produced naturally by plants or synthetically from petrochemicals or other sources of hydrocarbon materials. As used in rubber compositions, resins may be classified as either reinforcing resins or as plasticizing resins. Plasticizing resins are added to a rubber composition to improve the plasticity or workability of a rubber composition. They are often added as a substitute for or in addition to a processing oil and are known to improve the resulting physical characteristics of the cured rubber composition.

As noted, reinforcing resins are added to a rubber composition to increase the rigidity of the cured rubber composition. These reinforcing resins intermix with the rubber polymer chains and, when reacted with a linking agent or with each other, form a three-dimensional network that improves the physical characteristics of the cured rubber composition. Many of these resins are classified as being methylene acceptor/donor systems that react together to generate a three-dimensional reinforcing resin network by a condensation reaction.

As is often the case, whenever a rubber formulator attempts to improve a physical characteristic of a rubber composition, there is often a decrease or compromise resulting in another desired physical characterization of the rubber composition. For example by adding additional fillers or resins to a rubber composition that increases its rigidity there may be a compromise in its processability and/or mixing characteristics and/or in its cured cohesiveness characteristics. Therefore rubber formulators search for ways to increase a rubber composition's rigidity without a resulting compromise in other desired characteristics.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Particular embodiments of the present invention include rubber compositions and rubber articles manufactured from such rubber compositions that include the well-known antioxidant poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) having the formula (C₁₂H₁₅N)_(n) where n=2˜4 as well as a methylene acceptor/donor system reinforcing resin. Such embodiments include a tire component comprising a rubber composition that is based upon a cross-linkable elastomer composition, the cross-linkable rubber composition comprising, per 100 parts by weight of rubber (phr), a highly unsaturated diene elastomer, reinforcing filler, between 0.5 phr and 10 phr of TMQ and the methylene acceptor/methylene donor.

Such rubber compositions may include between 2 phr and 30 phr of the methylene acceptor with the methylene donor in an amount of between 8 wt. % and 80 wt. % of the methylene acceptor. Useful tire components manufactured from such rubber compositions may include, for example, a bead component, a belt skim and a tire tread.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

Particular embodiments of the present invention include rubber compositions and rubber articles manufactured from such rubber compositions that include the well-known antioxidant poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) having the formula (C₁₂H₁₅N)_(n) where n=2˜4 as well as a methylene acceptor/donor system reinforcing resin. Surprisingly it has been discovered that when both TMQ and a methylene acceptor/donor system reinforcing resin are added to a rubber composition, an improvement results in the cured rubber composition's rigidity without a significant degradation in the composition's green viscosity or its cured cohesiveness.

As used herein, “diene elastomer” and “rubber” are synonymous terms and may be used interchangeably.

As used herein, a “non-productive” mix includes many of the components of a rubber composition but includes no vulcanization agents or typically no primary accelerators. A “productive” mix results after the vulcanization agents and typically any primary accelerators are added to the non-productive mix.

As used herein, “based upon” is a term recognizing that embodiments of the present invention are made of vulcanized or cured rubber compositions that were, at the time of their assembly, uncured. The cured rubber composition is therefore “based upon” the uncured rubber composition. In other words, the cross-linked rubber composition is based upon or comprises the constituents of the cross-linkable rubber composition.

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield still a third embodiment. It is intended that the present invention include these and other modifications and variations.

The rubber compositions disclosed herein are useful for many types of articles that are made of rubber, including tire components, hoses, conveyor belts and so forth. Since these rubber compositions, upon curing, may be characterized as having high rigidity, they are particularly useful for the manufacture of tire components where high rigidity properties are often desired such as in the bead area, e.g., the apex, bead filler and chafer and also in certain tire treads and in belt packages.

As noted above, particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein include the additive TMQ, which is poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) having the formula (C₁₂H₁₅N)_(n) where n=2˜4. This material is well known in the rubber industry as is often added to rubber compositions to improve their ability to withstand oxidation. However the inventors have discovered that this material also improves the rubber composition's rigidity when added to a rubber composition having a reinforcing resin. This result is obtained without a significant decrease in the other properties that are often compromised when rigidity is increased, namely processability and cohesiveness of the cured product.

Useful amounts of TMQ may be added to the rubber compositions in an amount of between 0.5 phr and 10 phr or alternatively, between 1 phr and 10 phr or between 1 phr and 9 phr or between 3 phr and 9 phr, 3 phr and 10 phr or between 4 phr and 10 phr.

It may be noted that while TMQ is a useful material as an antioxidant, for those rubber compositions having reinforcement resins such antioxidants are typically not used because the resins themselves offer antioxidant properties to the rubber composition.

The methylene acceptor/donor system that is also included in particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein include at least one methylene donor and at least one methylene acceptor.

Examples of useful methylene acceptors include phenols, the generic name for hydroxylated derivatives of benzene and equivalent compounds. This definition covers in particular monophenols, for example phenol or hydroxybenzene, bisphenols, polyphenols (polyhydroxyarenes), substituted phenols such as alkylphenols or aralkylphenols, for example bisphenols, diphenylolpropane, diphenylolmethane, naphthols, cresol, t-butylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, xylenol, resorcinol or analogous products and 3-hydroxydiphenyl-amine (3-HDPA) and/or 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA).

Useful methylene acceptors for particular embodiments are the novolac resins. These resins are phenol-aldehyde pre-condensates resulting from the condensation of phenolic compounds and aldehydes, for example formaldehyde. Novolac resins (also referred to as “two-step resins”) require the use of a methylene donor as a curing agent to crosslink the novolac resins in the rubber composition just as do the other methylene acceptors. Such crosslinking thereby creates the three dimensional resin networks. Such curing normally takes place above 100° C. An example of a suitable novolac resin is available from the SI Group with offices in Schenectady, N.Y. under the product name HRJ-12952. This novolac resin has a density of 1.25 g/cm³ and a melting point of 100° C. with less than 1% of unreacted phenol.

Particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein include the methylene acceptor selected from a novolac resins, diphenylolmethane, diphenylolethane, diphenylolpropane, diphenylolbutane, a naphthol, a cresol or combinations thereof. Any of the methylene acceptors disclosed herein or that are otherwise known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the purpose may be used in particular embodiments of the rubber compositions either singularly or in combination. Particular embodiments of useful rubber compositions may be limited to novolac resins as the useful methylene acceptor.

Suitable methylene donors may be selected from, for example, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT); hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM); formaldehyde; paraformaldehyde; trioxane; 2-methyl-2-nitro-1-propanal; substituted melamine resins such as N-substituted oxymethylmelamine resins; glycoluril compounds such as tetramethoxymethyl glycoluril; urea-formaldehyde resins such as butylated urea-formaldehyde resins; or mixtures thereof. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) or mixtures thereof are preferred methylene donors in particular embodiments.

The amount of methylene acceptor added to the rubber compositions disclosed herein may range, for example, from between 2 phr and 30 phr or alternatively between 5 phr and 30 phr or between 5 phr and 25 phr, 10 phr and 30 phr, between 10 phr and 20 phr, between 3 phr and 15 phr or between 5 phr and 20 phr.

The methylene donor is added to the rubber composition as needed to provide the desired cross-linking with the methylene acceptors in an amount, for example, of between 8 wt. % and 80 wt. % of the total weight of the methylene acceptors in the rubber composition or alternatively between 10 wt. % and 60 wt. %, between 10 wt. % and 40 wt. % or between 15 wt. % and 35 wt. %. In particular embodiments, the methylene donor may be added to the rubber composition in an amount of between 0.5 phr and 15 phr or alternatively between 1 phr and 10 phr or between 1 phr and 5 phr. In particular embodiments, a ratio of the total amount of methylene acceptors to the methylene donors is between 1:1 and 10:1 by weight or alternatively between 3:1 and 7:1 or between 2:1 and 8:1. The ranges disclosed herein for particular embodiments may be combined with any of the ranges for the methylene acceptor disclosed herein.

It may be noted that an advantage of obtaining improved rigidity by adding both the TMQ and a reinforcing resin to a rubber composition is that for a given desired rigidity, the amount of carbon black added to the rubber composition can be reduced. For example if the MA10 rigidity of a rubber composition having a reinforcing resin and carbon black or other reinforcing filler is 15 MPa, the amount of reinforcing filler can be reduced by adding TMQ to the rubber composition and still maintain the MA10 rigidity of 15 MPa. By reducing the carbon black content of the rubber composition it is known that the rolling resistance will typically improve for tire applications as well as that the uncured viscosity of the rubber composition will normally be reduced, which typically improves the rubber forming process, e.g., extrusion, before curing.

The useful elastomers of the rubber composition disclosed herein include highly unsaturated diene elastomers. Diene elastomers or rubber is understood to mean those elastomers resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers bearing two double carbon-carbon bonds, whether conjugated or not). Essentially unsaturated diene elastomers are understood to mean those diene elastomers that result at least in part from conjugated diene monomers, having a content of members or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that are greater than 15 mol. %.

Thus, for example, diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers, nitrile rubbers or copolymers of dienes and of alpha-olefins of the ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) type or the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer type, do not fall within the preceding definition and may in particular be described as “essentially saturated” diene elastomers (low or very low content of units of diene origin, i.e., less than 15 mol. %). Particular embodiments of the present invention include no essentially saturated diene elastomers.

Within the category of essentially unsaturated diene elastomers are the highly unsaturated diene elastomers, which are understood to mean in particular diene elastomers having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) that is greater than 50 mol. %. Particular embodiments of the present invention may include not only no essentially saturated diene elastomers but also no essentially unsaturated diene elastomers that are not highly unsaturated.

The rubber elastomers suitable for use with particular embodiments of the present invention include highly unsaturated diene elastomers, for example, polybutadienes (BR), polyisoprenes (IR), natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and mixtures of these elastomers. The polyisoprenes include synthetic cis-1,4 polyisoprene, which may be characterized as possessing cis-1,4 bonds at more than 90 mol. % or alternatively, at more than 98 mol. %. Particular embodiments of the disclosed rubber compositions include only natural rubber.

Also suitable for use in particular embodiments of the present invention are rubber elastomers that are copolymers and include, for example, butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR), butadiene-isoprene copolymers (BIR), isoprene-styrene copolymers (SIR) and isoprene-butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBIR) and mixtures thereof.

It should be noted that any of the highly unsaturated elastomers may be utilized in particular embodiments as a functionalized elastomer. Elastomers can be functionalized by reacting them with suitable functionalizing agents prior to or in lieu of terminating the elastomer. Exemplary functionalizing agents include, but are not limited to, metal halides, metalloid halides, alkoxysilanes, imine-containing compounds, esters, ester-carboxylate metal complexes, alkyl ester carboxylate metal complexes, aldehydes or ketones, amides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, imines, and epoxides. These types of functionalized elastomers are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. While particular embodiments may include one or more of these functionalized elastomers solely as the rubber component, other embodiments may include one or more of these functionalized elastomers mixed with one or more of the non-functionalized highly unsaturated elastomers.

In addition to the rubber component and the methylene acceptors/methylene donor system, a reinforcing filler is included in the rubber compositions disclosed herein. Reinforcing fillers are well known in the art and include, for example, carbon blacks and silica. Any reinforcing filler known to those skilled in the art may be used in the rubber composition either by themselves or in combination with other reinforcing fillers. In particular embodiments of the rubber composition disclosed herein, the filler is essentially a carbon black.

Carbon black, which is an organic filler, is well known to those having ordinary skill in the rubber compounding field. The carbon black included in the rubber compositions produced by the methods disclosed herein may, in particular embodiments for example, be in an amount of between 30 phr and 150 phr or alternatively between 40 phr and 100 phr or between 40 phr and 80 phr.

Suitable carbon blacks are any carbon blacks known in the art and suitable for the given purpose. Suitable carbon blacks of the type HAF, ISAF and SAF, for example, are conventionally used in tire treads. Non-limitative examples of carbon blacks include, for example, the N115, N134, N234, N299, N326, N330, N339, N343, N347, N375 and the 600 series of carbon blacks, including, but not limited to N630, N650 and N660 carbon blacks.

As noted above, silica may also be useful as reinforcement filler. The silica may be any reinforcing silica known to one having ordinary skill in the art including, for example, any precipitated or pyrogenic silica having a BET surface area and a specific CTAB surface area both of which are less than 450 m²/g or alternatively, between 30 and 400 m²/g may be suitable for particular embodiments based on the desired properties of the cured rubber composition. Particular embodiments of rubber compositions disclosed herein may include a silica having a CTAB of between 80 and 200 m²/g, between 100 and 190 m²/g, between 120 and 190 m²/g or between 140 and 180 m²/g. The CTAB specific surface area is the external surface area determined in accordance with Standard AFNOR-NFT-45007 of November 1987.

Highly dispersible precipitated silicas (referred to as “HDS”) may be useful in particular embodiments of such rubber compositions disclosed herein, wherein “highly dispersible silica” is understood to mean any silica having a substantial ability to disagglomerate and to disperse in an elastomeric matrix. Such determinations may be observed in known manner by electron or optical microscopy on thin sections. Examples of known highly dispersible silicas include, for example, Perkasil KS 430 from Akzo, the silica BV3380 from Degussa, the silicas Zeosil 1165 MP and 1115 MP from Rhodia, the silica Hi-Sil 2000 from PPG and the silicas Zeopol 8741 or 8745 from Huber.

When silica is added to the rubber composition, a proportional amount of a silane coupling agent is also added to the rubber composition. The silane coupling agent is a sulfur-containing organosilicon compound that reacts with the silanol groups of the silica during mixing and with the elastomers during vulcanization to provide improved properties of the cured rubber composition. A suitable coupling agent is one that is capable of establishing a sufficient chemical and/or physical bond between the inorganic filler and the diene elastomer; which is at least bifunctional, having, for example, the simplified general formula “Y-T-X”, in which: Y represents a functional group (“Y” function) which is capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the inorganic filler, such a bond being able to be established, for example, between a silicon atom of the coupling agent and the surface hydroxyl (OH) groups of the inorganic filler (for example, surface silanols in the case of silica); X represents a functional group (“X” function) which is capable of bonding physically and/or chemically with the diene elastomer, for example by means of a sulfur atom; T represents a divalent organic group making it possible to link Y and X.

Any of the organosilicon compounds that contain sulfur and are known to one having ordinary skill in the art are useful for practicing embodiments of the present invention. Examples of suitable silane coupling agents having two atoms of silicon in the silane molecule include 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3′-bis(triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulfide (known as Si69). Both of these are available commercially from Degussa as X75-S and X50-S respectively, though not in pure form. Degussa reports the molecular weight of the X50-S to be 532 g/mole and the X75-S to be 486 g/mole. Both of these commercially available products include the active component mixed 50-50 by weight with a N330 carbon black. Other examples of suitable silane coupling agents having two atoms of silicon in the silane molecule include 2,2′-bis(triethoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tri-t-butoxy-silylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3′-bis(di t-butylmethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide. Examples of silane coupling agents having just one silicon atom in the silane molecule include, for example, 3,3′(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3′ (triethoxy-silylpropyl) tetrasulfide. The amount of silane coupling agent can vary over a suitable range as known to one having ordinary skill in the art. Typically the amount added is between 7 wt. % and 15 wt. % or alternatively between 8 wt. % and 12 wt. % or between 9 wt. % and 11 wt. % of the total weight of silica added to the rubber composition.

Particular embodiments of the rubber compositions disclosed herein may include no processing oil or very little, such no more than 5 phr. Processing oils are well known to one having ordinary skill in the art, are generally extracted from petroleum and are classified as being paraffinic, aromatic or naphthenic type processing oil, including MES and TDAE oils. Processing oils are also known to include, inter alia, plant-based oils, such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and vegetable oil. Some of the rubber compositions disclosed herein may include an elastomer, such as a styrene-butadiene rubber, that has been extended with one or more such processing oils but such oil is limited in the rubber composition of particular embodiments as being no more than 10 phr of the total elastomer content of the rubber composition. Other embodiments of the disclosed rubber compositions may include processing oil.

The rubber compositions disclosed herein may further include, in addition to the compounds already described, all or part of the components often used in diene rubber compositions intended for the manufacture of tires, such as plasticizers, pigments, protective agents of the type that include antioxidants and/or antiozonants, vulcanization retarders, a vulcanization system based, for example, on sulfur or on a peroxide, vulcanization accelerators, vulcanization activators, extender oils and so forth. There may also be added, if desired, one or more conventional non-reinforcing fillers such as clays, bentonite, talc, chalk or kaolin.

The vulcanization system is preferably, for particular embodiments, one based on sulfur and on an accelerator but other vulcanization agents known to one skilled in the art may be useful as well. Vulcanization agents as used herein are those materials that cause the cross-linkage of the rubber and therefore may be added only to the productive mix so that premature curing does not occur, such agents including, for example, sulfur and peroxides. Use may be made of any compound capable of acting as an accelerator of the vulcanization of elastomers in the presence of sulfur, in particular those chosen from the group consisting of 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide (abbreviated to “MBTS”), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “CBS”), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “DCBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “TBBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole-sulphenimide (abbreviated to “TBSI”) and the mixtures of these compounds. Preferably, a primary accelerator of the sulfenamide type is used.

The vulcanization system may further include various known secondary accelerators or vulcanization activators, such as zinc oxide, stearic acid and guanidine derivatives (in particular diphenylguanidine).

The rubber compositions that are embodiments of the present invention may be produced in suitable mixers in a manner known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Typically the mixing may occur using two successive preparation phases, a first phase of thermo-mechanical working at high temperature followed by a second phase of mechanical working at a lower temperature.

The first phase, sometimes referred to as a “non-productive” phase, includes thoroughly mixing, typically by kneading, the various ingredients of the composition but excluding the vulcanization system and the methylene donor. It is carried out in a suitable kneading device, such as an internal mixer of the Banbury type, until under the action of the mechanical working and the high shearing imposed on the mixture, a maximum temperature of generally between 120° C. and 190° C. is reached, indicating that the components are well dispersed.

After cooling the mixture a second phase of mechanical working is implemented at a lower temperature. Sometimes referred to a “productive” phase, this finishing phase consists of incorporating the vulcanization system and the methylene donor into the rubber composition using a suitable device, such as an open mill. It is performed for an appropriate time (typically, for example, between 1 and 30 minutes or between 2 and 10 minutes), and at a sufficiently low temperature, i.e., lower than the vulcanization temperature of the mixture and lower than the cross-linking temperature of the methylene donor/acceptor system, so as to protect against premature vulcanization or resinification cross-linking.

The rubber composition can be formed into useful articles, including tire components. Tire treads, for example, may be formed as tread bands and then later made a part of a tire or they be formed directly onto a tire carcass by, for example, extrusion and then cured in a mold. Other components such as those located in the bead area of the tire or in the sidewall may be formed and assembled into a green tire and then cured with the curing of the tire.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are to be regarded only as illustrations and not delimitative of the invention in any way. The properties of the compositions disclosed in the examples were evaluated as described below.

Mooney Plasticity (ML 1+4) was measured in accordance with ASTM Standard D1646. In general, the composition in an uncured state is molded in a cylindrical enclosure and heated to 100° C. After 1 minute of preheating, the rotor turns within the test sample at 2 rpm, and the torque used for maintaining this movement is measured after 4 minutes of rotation. The Mooney Plasticity is expressed in “Mooney units” (MU, with 1 MU=0.83 Newton-meter).

Mooney scorch was measured in accordance with ASTM Standard D1646 at 130° C. In general, Mooney scorch is reported as the time required for the viscosity to rise a set number of Mooney units above the minimum viscosity at the measured temperature.

Moduli of elongation (MPa) were measured at 10% (MA10) at a temperature of 23° C. based on ASTM Standard D412 on dumb bell test pieces. The measurements were taken in the second elongation; i.e., after an accommodation cycle. These measurements are secant moduli in MPa, based on the original cross section of the test piece.

Hysteresis losses (HL) were measured in percent by rebound at 60° C. at the sixth impact in accordance with the following equation:

HL (%)=100 (W ₀ −W ₁)/W ₁,

where W₀ is the energy supplied and W₁ is the energy restored.

The elongation property was measured as elongation at break (%) and the corresponding elongation stress (MPa), which is measured at 23° C. in accordance with ASTM Standard D412 on ASTM C test pieces. The elongation index is determined as the product of the elongation stress at break (N/mm) and the elongation at break (%) divided by 100.

EXAMPLE 1

This example provides a comparison of various rubber compositions that include no combination of resin and TMQ (W1-W5) as well as rubber compositions that include the combination of TMQ and resin. The formulations were prepared with the component amounts shown in Table 1A.

TABLE 1A Formulations and Physical Properties Components W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 F1 F2 F3 NR 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N772 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 SAD and ZnO 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 Vulcanization 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Formalphenolic 18 18 18 18 18 resin HMT 3 3 3 3 3 Naphthenic oil 4 4 TMQ 4 1 4 7

The vulcanization package included sulfur, accelerators and a scorch extender as well as the designated amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid. N772 carbon black was added as the reinforcing filler. The formalphenolic resin was the novolac resin HRJ-12952 available from the SI Group.

For each of the formulations described in Table 1A, the natural rubber and all the other materials except for the sulfur, accelerators and the hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) were added to a Banbury mixer and processed until well incorporated. The mixture was then dropped from the mixer and transferred to a mill where it was cooled.

The vulcanization package and the hexamethylenetetramine were added into the cooled mixture on the mill and the productive mix was milled for a time until the components were well mixed. The product was then tested for its properties in accordance with the testing procedures described above. For the cured properties, the product was cured for 25 minutes at 150° C.

TABLE 1B Formulations and Physical Properties Properties W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 F1 F2 F3 Moony, ML 72.7 63.3 68.5 88.0 79.0 89.1 84.9 81.7 (1 + 4) Mooney Scorch, 15.0 16.2 14.9 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.0 min MA10, MPa 6.7 6.1 6.5 19.9 19.8 26.1 23.3 24.7 MA50, MPa 4.6 4.2 4.3 9.6 9.0 12.0 10.3 10.4 Hysteresis P60, % 9.4 10.5 12.6 20.7 22.3 22.4 26.5 30.5 Elongation Stress, 19 21 18 10 13 11 11 12 MPa Elongation Strain, 321 371 322 154 194 154 175 184 % Elongation Index 61 78 58 15 25 17 19 22

As can be seen from the results shown in Table 1B, the addition of the TMQ to the rubber compositions having the reinforcing resins greatly increased the MA10 when compared to the witness formulation having only the reinforcing resin. One advantage of this is that the amount of carbon black in the rubber composition can be reduced to give the same level of rigidity as the sample without the TMQ, thereby expectedly providing benefits that can be obtained from having less carbon black such as improved processability and improved rolling resistance for tire applications.

EXAMPLE 2

This example provides comparisons of various rubber compositions having varying amounts of resin loadings. The witness examples do not include the combination of both TMQ and the reinforcing resins while the other formulations F4-F7 include both the TMQ and the reinforcing resins. The formulations were prepared with the component amounts shown in Table 2A.

The vulcanization package included sulfur and an accelerator as well as the designated amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid. N234 carbon black was added as the reinforcing filler. The formalphenolic resin was the novolac resin HRJ-12952 available from the SI Group.

For each of the formulations described in Table 2A, the natural rubber and all the other materials except for the sulfur, accelerators and the hexamethylenetetramine were added to a Banbury mixer and processed until well incorporated. The mixture was then dropped from the mixer and transferred to a mill where it was cooled.

The vulcanization package and the hexamethylenetetramine were added into the cooled mixture on the mill and the productive mix was milled for a time until the components were well mixed. The product was then tested for its properties in accordance with the testing procedures described above. For the cured properties, the product was cured for 25 minutes at 150° C.

TABLE 2A Formulations and Physical Properties Components W6 W7 W8 F4 W9 F5 W10 F6 W11 F7 NR 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N234 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 SAD and ZnO 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Vulcanization 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Formalphenolic 1 1 5 5 10 10 15 15 resin HMT 0.2 0.2 1 1 2 2 3 3 TMQ 3 3 3 3 3

As can be seen from the results shown in Table 2, the addition of 3 phr of TMQ in the witness formulations having no reinforcing resin reduced the green viscosity and the MA10 as is known to those skilled in the art. The addition of the 3 phr of TMQ to those witness formulations having the low reinforcing loadings of 1 phr and 5 phr resulted in a lower MA10. However, considering the rigidity reduction in those formulations having no resin, the rigidity drop would have been greater in these formulations so in effect, there was still a positive effect on rigidity in those formulations having both resin and TMQ.

TABLE 2B Formulations and Physical Properties Properties Mooney, ML1 + 4 82.3 80.4 84.2 80.5 87.0 81.9 81.9 76.8 82.4 77.3 Mooney Scorch, min 7.2 6.6 6.9 6.2 6.5 5.7 6.5 5.7 6.5 5.6 MA10, MPa 6.5 5.7 7.7 7.2 11.5 10.8 14.1 14.3 15.6 17.4 MA50, MPa 3.7 3.4 4.3 4.0 5.4 4.9 6.0 5.8 6.5 6.7 MA100, MPa 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.6 4.6 4.1 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.1 Hysteresis P60, % 18.5 21.1 20.2 23.1 24.8 25.5 25.2 28.1 27.3 29.1 Elongation Stress, MPa 23 27 24 26 21 23 17 21 17 17 Elongation Strain, % 373 460 368 419 327 374 281 341 273 281 Elongation Index 86 124 88 109 69 86 48 72 46 48

The addition of 3 phr of TMQ to those formulations having 15 phr of resin increased cured rigidity while reducing green viscosity.

EXAMPLE 3

This example provides comparisons of various rubber compositions having varying amounts of TMQ loadings. The witness example W12 does not include the combination of both TMQ and the reinforcing resins while the other formulations F8-F11 include both the TMQ and the reinforcing resins. The formulations were prepared with the component amounts shown in Table 3A.

TABLE 3A Formulations and Physical Properties Components W12 F8 F9 F10 F11 NR 100 100 100 100 100 N234 50 50 50 50 50 SAD and ZnO 4 4 4 4 4 Vulcanization 6 6 6 6 6 Formalphenolic resin 15 15 15 15 15 HMT 3 3 3 3 3 TMQ 1 3 5 8

The vulcanization package included sulfur and an accelerator as well as the designated amounts of zinc oxide and stearic acid. N234 carbon black was added as the reinforcing filler.

For each of the formulations described in Table 3A, the natural rubber and all the other materials except for the sulfur, accelerators and the hexamethylenetetramine were added to a Banbury mixer and processed until well incorporated. The mixture was then dropped from the mixer and transferred to a mill where it was cooled.

The vulcanization package and the hexamethylenetetramine were added into the cooled mixture on the mill and the productive mix was milled for a time until the components were well mixed. The product was then tested for its properties in accordance with the testing procedures described above. For the cured properties, the product was cured for 25 minutes at 150° C.

TABLE 3B Formulations and Physical Properties Properties Mooney, ML1 + 4 82.4 80.1 77.3 75.4 70.8 Mooney Scorch, min 6.5 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.3 MA10, MPa 15.6 17.4 17.4 21.6 23.7 MA50, MPa 6.5 6.9 6.7 7.5 7.8 MA100, MPa 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.4 Hysteresis P60, % 27.3 28.1 29.1 33.4 34.8 Elongation Stress, MPa 17 19 17 18 16 Elongation Strain, % 273 296 281 299 281 Elongation Index 46 56 48 54 45

As can be seen from the results shown in Table 3B, the addition of the TMQ to the rubber formulations having the reinforcing resin significantly increased the MA10 property.

The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used in the claims and specification herein, shall be considered as indicating an open group that may include other elements not specified. The term “consisting essentially of,” as used in the claims and specification herein, shall be considered as indicating a partially open group that may include other elements not specified, so long as those other elements do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The terms “a,” “an,” and the singular forms of words shall be taken to include the plural form of the same words, such that the terms mean that one or more of something is provided. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably. The term “one” or “single” shall be used to indicate that one and only one of something is intended. Similarly, other specific integer values, such as “two,” are used when a specific number of things is intended. The terms “preferably,” “preferred,” “prefer,” “optionally,” “may,” and similar terms are used to indicate that an item, condition or step being referred to is an optional (not required) feature of the invention. Ranges that are described as being “between a and b” are inclusive of the values for “a” and “b.”

It should be understood from the foregoing description that various modifications and changes may be made to the embodiments of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. The foregoing description is provided for the purpose of illustration only and should not be construed in a limiting sense. Only the language of the following claims should limit the scope of this invention. 

1. A tire component, the tire component comprising a rubber composition that is based upon a cross-linkable elastomer composition, the cross-linkable rubber composition comprising, per 100 parts by weight of rubber (phr): a highly unsaturated diene elastomer; a reinforcing filler; between at least 2 phr and 10 phr of TMQ, wherein the TMQ is poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline; a methylene acceptor; and a methylene donor.
 2. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition includes between 3 phr and 10 phr of the TMQ.
 3. The tire component of claim 2, wherein the rubber composition includes between 3 phr and 9 phr of the TMQ.
 4. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition includes between 2 phr and 30 phr of the methylene acceptor.
 5. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition includes between 10 phr and 30 phr of the methylene acceptor.
 6. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the methylene acceptor is selected from phenol, bisphenols, polyphenols, substituted phenols, cresol, t-butylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, xylenol, resorcinol or a novolac resin.
 7. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the methylene acceptor is the novolac resin.
 8. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition includes the methylene donor at between 8 wt. % and 80 wt. % of the methylene acceptor.
 9. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the rubber composition includes the methylene donor at between 10 wt. % and 40 wt. % of the methylene acceptor.
 10. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the highly unsaturated diene elastomer is selected from a polybutadiene, a synthetic polyisoprene, a natural rubber, a butadiene-styrene copolymer or combinations thereof.
 11. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the highly unsaturated diene elastomer is natural rubber.
 12. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler is selected from a carbon black, a silica or combinations thereof.
 13. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler is carbon black.
 14. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the tire component is a tire tread.
 15. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the tire component is a tire belt skim.
 16. The tire component of claim 1, wherein the tire component is a bead component of the tire.
 17. The tire component of claim 3, wherein the rubber composition includes between 2 phr and 30 phr of the methylene acceptor.
 18. The tire component of claim 17, wherein the methylene acceptor is selected from phenol, bisphenols, polyphenols, substituted phenols, cresol, t-butylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, xylenol, resorcinol or a novolac resin.
 19. The tire component of claim 18, wherein the rubber composition includes the methylene donor at between 10 wt. % and 40 wt. % of the methylene acceptor.
 20. The tire component of claim 19, wherein the methylene acceptor is the novolac resin. 